Elm 1: define the causal question and inspect confounding
Advanced causal reasoning · Distinguish an observed association from an intervention effect before adjusting a table.
Explore & practiseInvestigate a mistake. Solve a small challenge. Build a case you can defend. Original resources that help you move from reading to doing.
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Estimands, confounding, assignment-preserving experiments, DiD assumptions and sensitivity.
Advanced causal reasoning · Distinguish an observed association from an intervention effect before adjusting a table.
Explore & practiseAdvanced experiment lab · Preserve the assignment estimand and enumerate a small exact randomization test under an explicit design.
Explore & practiseAdvanced policy-review lab · Compare before-after, post-only and DiD contrasts, then challenge the missing counterfactual trend.
Explore & practiseAdvanced portfolio and interview exercise · Communicate an estimand, design, evidence and sensitivity without turning a contrast into a causal promise.
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